In our series on Selecting a Part Feeder, we’ve examined how to automate part handling to achieve configurable, high-volume, and dimensional feeding of parts through flexible, bowl, and 3D bin feeders, respectively.
But when a part fits the niche profile of a uniformly flat or stackable shape, integrators often turn to magazine feeders.
Magazine feeders have long been adapted by many diverse industries and manufacturing lines, for example:
> Automotive and packaging industries often employ stack magazines to move durable sheets of metal or corrugated material, respectively, onto a conveyor or production line.
> Electronics manufacturers turn to slot magazine racks for fast and efficient handling of fragile printable circuit boards (PCBs) commonly used in consumer electronics and medical devices.
The differences between stack and slot magazine feeders are significant. Let’s identify some of the key factors that determine which magazine feeding type is best suited to certain types of parts and requirements.
For help selecting the right part handling solution, connect with our engineers to share your unique application requirements.
What is magazine feeding?
In general, magazine feeding refers to two different methods of presenting a set of same-shaped parts for transfer into the next stage of a manufacturing process.
Depending on suitable part characteristics, the type of magazine feeder is determined by its part loading method:
> Stack magazines are loaded with same-shaped, durable parts that stack well, enabling burst part feeding from a stack of prepared parts.
> Slot magazines are loaded with same-shaped, flat parts that fit into individual slots retrievable by a PnP robot or feed mechanism, enabling burst part feeding from prepared magazine nests.
Stack magazine type
Manufacturing lines throughout many different industries employ the simplicity of stack magazines to gravity feed boards and flat parts like metal or corrugated sheets into a production line.
A) Stack Magazine – Bulk parts are loaded into stacks manually or automatically from another stage like a gantry or robot
B) Feed Mechanism – Individual parts are gravity fed from the stack and typically picked by a mechanical, pneumatic, or vacuum feeding mechanism, such as in the image above of top-loaded and bottom-fed boards
C) Part Transfer – Individual parts picked from the stack are moved into the next stage of manufacturing or conveyance
Slot magazine type
Electronics manufacturers turn to slot magazines for efficient feeding of flat printable circuit boards (PCBs) that are commonly used in consumer electronics and medical devices.
A) Slot Magazine – Preloaded magazine nests of parts that are positioned within individual slots are presented to a feeding mechanism or PnP robot
B) Feed Mechanism – Individual parts are retrieved from each slot, one at a time, using a simple mechanism or a PnP robot tooled with a gripper, depending on the movement required to advance the part into the system
C) Part Transfer – Individual parts picked from the nest are moved into the next stage of manufacturing or conveyance
Explore: Each type of magazine feeder has different loading and feeding mechanics.
Part durability or fragility largely determines whether it can be stacked or slotted.
VIDEO CREDIT: PowerBase Auto Feed Magazine | YouTube
VIDEO CREDIT: 1ClickSMT PCB Handling Machine | YouTube
What are the tradeoffs of magazine feeders?
By nature of the limited capacity of stacks or slots, magazine part feeding is best for uniformly-shaped parts that need to staged or released into a manufacturing process in a controlled way.
Conversely, when a continuously high-volume of parts is needed, or when part geometries simply do not stack well or cannot be slotted into a nest, magazine feeding is not likely to be the best choice.
Magazine feeding also requires that the durability of the part and its surface properties work well with the kinetic energy of the selected feeder. For example:
> Durable parts that are not likely to be damaged by the impact of loading and stacking may be appropriate for stack magazine feeding.
> Fragile parts or parts with surface treatments that need to be preserved may be appropriate for slot magazine feeding, but are definitely not appropriate for stack magazines.
These and other considerations help to qualify whether stack or slot magazine feeding is suitable for your specific part handling requirements.
Stack Magazine Feeders
Stack magazines enable the simplest approach for transferring parts into an assembly line. However, parts that may be damaged by the stacking process are not suitable for stack magazine feeding.
Advantages of stack magazine feeding
> Good for burst run feeding of a single stack of parts; configurable for continuous feeding when part replenishment can be automated and continuous
> Efficient feeding of a single, durable part made of a material that won’t be damaged by the stacking process
> Adaptable for a wide range of part sizes, from small components to large industrial parts
> Safe and easy to operate
> Adaptable for part changeovers that match the size of the magazine receiving stacked parts
> Economical and easy to configure since parts are often gravity fed and controlled with simpler mechanisms than other part feeding systems
Challenges of stack magazine feeding
> Not ideal for high volume part feeding since parts must be singulated into stacks; continuous feeding is dependent on part replenishment which may limit throughput and feeding speed
> Part changeovers are limited by the size and adjustability of the magazine receiving stacked parts
> Feeding requires that stack magazines are integrated at the point of feeding, limiting the distance from pick to place
Slot Magazine Feeders
Slot magazines, by contrast, are designed for a more careful and precise transfer of parts into an assembly line, and so require a more complex implementation to configure PnP robots or mechanisms to relocate parts into each slot in the nest. Slot magazine feeding has the added benefit of enabling tracking of individual parts, slots, and nests for system logging and quality traceability.
Advantages of slot magazine feeding
> Good for burst run feeding of nested parts
> Ideal for precise and careful feeding of a single part to avoid damaging its surface or features
> Ideal for part identification and quality control tracing of parts back to their originating nest and slot
> Safe and easy to operate once configured
Challenges of slot magazine feeding
> Not good for high-volume part feeding because capacity is limited by the size of magazine nests and processing required to load parts into nests
> Part guidance is required to move parts from individual slots into the next stage of a manufacturing process
> Configuration is required for integrated PnP robot, vision detection of part presence, and vision scanning of part ID and lot tracking numbers, when required
> Added operational and maintenance requirements for complex part handling mechanisms and integrated components
> Investment includes components and implementation costs for custom slotted magazine nests, PnP robot and configuration, as well as other integrated or vision components
Fragile parts & surfaces: Slot magazine feeding is commonly used for the handling of fragile boards and semiconductors.
What is the right part type for magazine feeding?
Stack Magazine Feeders
The overriding factors for parts that are well-suited for stack magazine feeding are material durability (plastics, laminates, woods, or metals) and part stability when stacked.
Parts that work well with stack magazine feeders
> Parts with an overall uniform shape that can be stacked without damaging the part
> Parts that are stable and stay oriented correctly when stacked for picking, such as with a flat base like a board or panel
> Parts made of durable materials, including metal, wood, plastic, and rubber
> Parts that are not likely to be damaged, marred, or entangled when stacked in a magazine feeder
> Parts of diverse sizes and types, ranging from small components and food containers to heavy metal hardware and large planks of lumber
Parts to avoid with stack magazine feeders
> Fragile parts that would become damaged or marred as a result of the loading and stacking process
> Asymmetrical parts that cannot be organized into stacks
> Parts that can become entangled or clumped together, as with angular or magnetic parts; if parts tend to stick together, slotted magazine feeding might be a better alternative to stacking
> Parts that are too small, too large, or too heavy to be gripped or removed by a part picking mechanism
Slot Magazine Feeders
Slot magazine feeding is ideal for parts that need to be handled more carefully and precisely to avoid damage, such as with circuit boards or polished material surfaces that might be marred by other handling processes.
Parts that work well with slot magazine feeders
> Thin, flat parts with an overall uniform shape that can be positioned into an appropriately sized slotted magazine nest, as with PCBs and semiconductor silicon wafers
> Parts that are not likely to be damaged by a gripper or PnP robot end effector
> Parts made of a variety of materials or surface finishes that benefit from careful handling, as with silicone material, circuit boards with fragile embedded electronics, or parts with polished surfaces
> Parts that benefit from identification, sorting, or quality tracking from barcoded part, lot, and nest numbers
Parts to avoid with slot magazine feeders
> Asymmetrical parts that cannot be organized into magazine slots
> Lightweight parts that do not stay oriented well when a nest is moved
> Parts that are too small or too large to be gripped for part picking
Are there ways to enhance a magazine feeding system?
Depending on the requirements of your manufacturing process, there are ways to upgrade each type of magazine feeder with components that improve the loading, staging, identification, and release of parts into your assembly system. Enhancements to a magazine feeding system reduce machine idle time to improve efficiency and rate of production.
Stack Magazine Feeders
Though stack magazine feeding is a simpler method of presenting parts, the following components may add value to your overall process:
> Pre-bulk feeder to ensure parts stay stacked to the top of the magazine
> Gantry support to enable transfer of stacked parts
> Elevator or indexer when bulk parts need to be moved to the magazine before stacking is possible
> Rollers for bottom-feeding magazines that enable parts, like panels or boards, to be removed from the bottom of the stack one at a time
> Part counter to track the number of parts removed from the magazine and alert operator to prepare for part replenishment
> Proximity or thrubeam sensors to notify operators when magazines are empty and need replenishing
> Vision scanner when part, slot, or lot number identification is required
Slot Magazine Feeders
Slot magazine feeding operates with higher complexity to enable the picking and placing of individual parts from the nest, but can also be improved with some additional components, such as:
> Position magazine feeders to allow changeout of magazines while the line is running
> Automated guide vehicles that deliver full magazines to the line and remove empty magazines from the line
> Part counter to track the number of parts removed from the magazine and alert operator to prepare for part replenishment
> Proximity or thrubeam sensors to notify operators when magazines are empty and need replenishing
> Vision scanner when part, slot, or lot number identification is required
> Enhanced software capabilities to monitor and control operation remotely or generate predictive performance and maintenance data
> Upgraded robots, end effectors, or vision system to enable faster part handling to scale with volume requirements
How does a test plan impact implementation?
Stack Magazine Feeders
Although stack magazine feeders are less complex than other part handling systems, preparing in advance for implementation is helpful to ensure the successful configuration of the magazine and feed mechanism.
Implementation Objective
Testing Considerations
Part Supply: Ensure the process to load and replenish bulk parts is optimal for the required speed of processing.
Where and how will bulk parts be stored and identified?
How should parts be loaded into and removed from the system? (i.e. for LIFO, parts are loaded in from the top and removed from the top; for FIFO, parts are loaded from the top and removed from the bottom)
How will parts be correctly oriented into the magazine? Does the design of the part need to include a profile to identify the correct orientation? (e.g. a marking is added to the plane of the part to identify which side is the top or bottom, or added to perimeter to identify which edge is the front or back of the part)
As parts run low in the stack, how will parts be replenished?
Are specific tools or equipment needed to optimize the staging and loading of parts?
Are parts loading smoothing into the magazine or are mechanical adjustments needed to enable smoother stacking?
Part Feeding Mechanism: Ensure individual parts are fed accurately from the stack magazine.
Are parts consistently picked and advanced into the system without errors?
For bottom-feeding magazines, does the weight of stacked parts impede the feeding mechanism? Does the number of parts in the stack need to be reduced to reduce the overall weight of stacked parts and enable individual parts to be fed from the bottom of the stack?
Does the part feeding mechanism need to be adjusted for greater speed or accuracy to fine-tune mechanical, pneumatic, or vacuum performance?
Does the feed size need to be adjusted for the part size?
Slot Magazine Feeders
With a higher degree of complication and more components to configure, a proper test plan is critical to ensure successful implementation of a slot magazine feeding system into your manufacturing line.
Implementation Objective
Testing Considerations
Part Supply: Ensure the process to prepare part nests is optimal for the required speed of processing.
Where and how will bulk parts be stored and identified?
How should parts be loaded into and removed from the system? (i.e. to prevent the transfer of debris as parts are inserted into magazine slots, LIFO is the preferred method enabling parts to be loaded from the top down and removed from the bottom up)
Where and how will nests be stored and identified?
How will parts be prepared, correctly oriented, and slotted into the magazine? Does the design of the part need to include a profile to identify the correct orientation? (e.g. a corner notch to identify which edge is the front or back of the part)
As parts run low in the stack, how will parts be replenished?
Are specific tools or equipment needed to optimize the staging and loading of parts?
Explore: A test plan helps define and optimize the processes involved with preparing for and loading magazine nest, whether manual or automated.
VIDEO CREDIT: US Digital YouTube | Slotted Magazine for Panel Loader
Magazine Nests: Ensure the customization of magazine nests enables optimal placement and stability of slotted parts.
Are the dimensions of magazine nests enabling smooth, accurate, and stable loading of individual parts?
Are slots either too constricted (parts cannot be easily loaded) or too loose (parts are slipping out of slots when or after loading)?
What positional markings are needed to enable accurate part orientation in individual slots?
What positional markings are needed to enable accurate magazine orientation when nested for part presentation?
Are specific tools or equipment needed to optimize the staging and loading of magazine nests?
How many spare magazines are required to support the loading, offloading, cleaning, and other processes that enable the line to run? (e.g. spare magazines are often required for offline transportation of parts in addition to magazines that are used to present nested parts into the line)
Part Feeding Mechanism or Robot: Ensure individual parts are accurately picked from the slot magazine nest.
Are parts consistently picked and placed by the feed mechanism or PnP robot without errors?
Does the feeding mechanism or robot need to be adjusted for greater speed or accuracy to fine-tune its performance?
Does the gripper need to be adjusted for the part size?
Vision System: Ensure vision detection of part presence and vision scanning of identification numbers or codes.
Are vision sensors accurately and consistently detecting part presence?
Are vision scanners accurately and consistently identifying barcoded numbers or codes?
What adjustments are needed to improve the detection accuracy and speed of vision sensors or scanners?
AC expertise to make the right decision
Overall, the choice between stack and slot magazine feeders depends on the specific part characteristics, required capacity, orientation needs, and operational flexibility required by your application. Each magazine feeder comes with its own distinct advantages and suitability for your manufacturing environment.
> Do you have a manual part handling process to automate?
> Are there parts that are ideal for an automated stack magazine feeder?
> Or do you have uniformly shaped parts that would fit the profile of a slot magazine feeder?
> Are you planning to stage, sort, and barcode a set of slottable parts and need help designing a workcell that can accommodate nested magazines?
We can partner with you to quickly understand your application and budget requirements and recommend an automated part handling solution that delivers the right speed, accuracy, and results you need.
How can we help? Talk with an engineer today.
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